# Microtrac > Microtrac develops and manufactures instruments for particle characterization and material characterization: laser diffraction and dynamic image analysis for particle size and shape, dynamic light scattering for nanoparticles, streaming potential and electrophoretic methods for zeta potential, static multiple light scattering for dispersion stability and shelf life, and gas adsorption, mercury porosimetry and gas pycnometry for specific surface area, pore size distribution and density. Measuring capability spans 0.3 nm to 135 mm for particle size, 0.35 nm to 500 nm for pore size, and specific surface areas from 0.0005 m2/g upward. Customers are quality control, research and development laboratories in pharmaceuticals, catalysts, battery and electrode materials, coatings, construction materials, metal powders, food and beverage, and home and personal care. Microtrac brings together four instrument makers within the Verder Scientific division of the Verder Group: Microtrac in the United States, Retsch Technology in Germany, MicrotracBEL in Japan, and Formulaction in France. Product lines: SYNC and AEROTRAC II (laser diffraction), CAMSIZER (dynamic image analysis), NANOTRAC (dynamic light scattering), STABINO ZETA (zeta potential), TURBISCAN (static multiple light scattering), BELSORP (gas adsorption), BELPORE (mercury porosimetry), BELPYCNO (gas pycnometry), BELCAT and BELMETAL (catalyst characterization), BELMASS (mass spectrometry), DIMENSIONS and BELCONTROL (software). This file covers the English website version, which is served from unprefixed URLs on microtrac.com. The Chinese website version is published on the separate domain microtrac-mrb.cn and has its own llms.txt. All language versions are listed at the end of this file. ## Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzers - [Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzers](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/laser-diffraction/): Laser diffraction measuring range 10 nm to 4 mm using combined Fraunhofer and Mie theory with Fourier optics and a 0 - 163° angular detection range; wet measurement takes 1 - 2 minutes and dry measurement 10 - 40 seconds; complies with ISO 13320, ISO 9276-1 and ISO 9276-2. - [Particle Size and Shape Analyzer SYNC](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/laser-diffraction/sync/): Combines laser diffraction and dynamic image analysis in one measurement; SYNC GO covers 0.1 - 2000 µm, SYNC PLUS 0.02 - 4000 µm and SYNC PRO 0.01 - 4000 µm; patented Tri-Laser system with 780 nm red and 405 nm blue light, detection to 165°, and a 5.2 megapixel camera at 60 frames per second; measuring time approximately 10 - 30 seconds; complies with ISO 13320:2020, ISO 13322-2 and ISO 9276-6. - [Spray Particle and Spray Droplet Size Analyzer AEROTRAC II](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/laser-diffraction/aerotrac-ii/): Laser diffraction for sprays and droplets with three lenses covering 0.5 - 350 µm (F100), 1.4 - 1000 µm (F300) and 2.8 - 2000 µm (F600); spray measurement from 0.02 to 500 ms and continuous measurement 1 - 600 s; 635 nm 3.5 mW Class 3R laser with a 32-element ring detector and automatic start on scattered-light detection. ## Dynamic Image Analysis Particle Size and Shape Analyzers - [Dynamic Image Analysis Particle Analyzers](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/dynamic-image-analysis/): Dynamic image analysis to ISO 13322-2, distinguished from static image analysis to ISO 13322-1; the CAMSIZER range covers 0.9 µm to 135 mm across five models with typical measurement times of 1 - 5 minutes; dual-camera systems combine a wide measuring range with 100% oversize detection. - [Particle Analyzer CAMSIZER X2+](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/dynamic-image-analysis/camsizer-x2plus/): Measuring range 0.9 µm - 8 mm with air pressure dispersion, 10 µm - 8 mm with gravity dispersion and 0.9 µm - 1 mm wet; modular X-Change dispersion units X-Jet, X-Fall and X-Flow; dual cameras at more than 420 images per second, each above 5.0 megapixels; sample volume 20 mg - 500 g; measurement time approximately 1 - 3 minutes; complies with ISO 13322-2 and ISO 9276-6. - [Particle Size and Shape Analyzer CAMSIZER 3D](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/dynamic-image-analysis/camsizer-3d/): Measuring range 20 µm to 30 mm with no hardware adjustment; 2D and 3D dynamic image analysis to ISO 13322-2 using patented particle tracking that captures up to 30 images of every particle; dual camera with 9 megapixel zoom and 5 megapixel basic modules at up to 250 images per second; measurement time approximately 2 - 5 minutes; dry, free-flowing bulk solids. - [Particle Size and Shape Analyzer CAMSIZER S1](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/dynamic-image-analysis/camsizer-s1/): Measuring range 30 µm to 5 mm with a recommended range of 50 µm to 4.5 mm; entry-level single-camera quality control system with a 12.5 megapixel camera and a 3.5 l hopper; measurement time approximately 2 - 5 minutes and up to 30 measurements per hour; runs from two USB ports without a dedicated computer; complies with ISO 13322-2. - [Particle Size Analyzer CAMSIZER XL](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/dynamic-image-analysis/camsizer-xl/): Measuring range 160 µm - 135 mm for the largest particles in the range; sample amount above 2 kg, more than 100 images per second at 2560 x 2048 pixels and 62 frames per second with stroboscopic illumination; reports more than 40 parameters including 15 size, 13 shape and 3 surface roughness values; complies with ISO 13322-2 and ISO 9276-6. - [On-line Particle Size and Shape Analyzer CAMSIZER ONLINE](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/dynamic-image-analysis/camsizer-online/): Measuring range 30 µm - 30 mm, and 160 µm - 135 mm for the CAMSIZER ONLINE XL; explosion-proof, self-cleaning unit for process loops with a high-speed camera at 100 - 300 images per second, each 5 megapixels; measurement time approximately 5 - 10 minutes; reports 32 morphological parameters; complies with ISO 13322-2. ## Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Potential Analyzers - [Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Analyzers](https://www.microtrac.com/products/dynamic-light-scattering/): Dynamic light scattering measuring range 0.3 nm - 10 µm using heterodyne controlled-reference detection at 180° backscatter with frequency power spectrum evaluation; handles concentrations from a few ppm to 40 vol% depending on sample; complies with ISO 22412 for size and ISO 13099 for zeta potential. - [Nanoparticle Size Analyzer NANOTRAC FLEX](https://www.microtrac.com/products/dynamic-light-scattering/nanotrac-flex/): Measuring range 0.3 nm - 10 µm at 180° measurement angle; external dip-in probe turns any vessel into a sample cell and measures from 2 µL upward, including a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube; concentration up to 40% depending on sample; temperature range +4 °C to +90 °C; molecular weight 300 Da to 20 x 10^6 Da; 780 nm 3 mW laser; size reproducibility 1%. - [Nanoparticle Size and Zeta Analyzer NANOTRAC WAVE II](https://www.microtrac.com/products/dynamic-light-scattering/nanotrac-wave-ii/): Size range 0.3 nm - 10 µm and zeta potential range -200 mV to +200 mV with zeta size range 10 nm - 20 µm; electrophoretic mobility 0 - 15 (µm/s)/(V/cm) and conductivity 0 - 10 mS/cm; temperature control +4 °C to +90 °C with ±0.1 °C accuracy; sample volume 50 µl - 3 ml for size and 150 µl - 2 ml for zeta; size reproducibility 1%, zeta reproducibility ±3%. - [Zeta Potential Measurement and Charge Titration](https://www.microtrac.com/products/zeta-potential/): Zeta potential typically falls between -200 mV and +200 mV; measured by laser Doppler electrophoresis and by streaming potential, evaluated with the Smoluchowski model for aqueous systems and the Hueckel model for non-polar systems. - [Zeta Potential Analyzer STABINO ZETA](https://www.microtrac.com/products/zeta-potential/stabino-zeta/): Streaming potential method with charge measuring range -3000 mV to +3000 mV and size range 0.3 nm - 300 µm in combination with the NANOTRAC FLEX; pH range 1 to 14, conductivity up to 350 mS/cm, temperature 0 °C - 90 °C with ±0.1 °C accuracy; Teflon cells of 10 ml, 3 ml and 1 ml; measures zeta potential, streaming potential, conductivity, pH and temperature simultaneously, with pH or polyelectrolyte titration in 5 - 15 minutes. ## Stability and Dispersibility Analyzers - [Stability and Dispersibility Analysis](https://www.microtrac.com/products/stability-dispersibility-analysis/): Entry point to the Microtrac methods for dispersion stability, shelf life and redispersion, covering dynamic light scattering, static multiple light scattering and zeta potential or charge titration. - [Static Multiple Light Scattering](https://www.microtrac.com/products/static-multiple-light-scattering/): Static multiple light scattering with an 880 nm near-infrared source, detecting backscattering at 135° for opaque samples and transmission at 0° for transparent samples; covers 10 nm - 1 mm and characterizes native, undiluted concentrated dispersions; results are summarized in the TURBISCAN Stability Index; referenced to ISO/TR 13097. - [Stability Analyzer TURBISCAN LAB](https://www.microtrac.com/products/static-multiple-light-scattering/turbiscan-lab/): Single-sample benchtop model measuring 10 nm - 1 mm at concentrations of 0.0001 - 95%; temperature from room temperature to 60 °C; sample volume 2 - 20 mL; scan step 20 µm; 26 x 28 x 25 cm and 8 kg; complies with ISO/TR 13097:2013, ISO/TR 18811:2018, ISO 13317-3:2001, ISO/TS 22107:2021 and ISO/TS 21357:2022, and with 21 CFR Part 11. - [Multi-Sample Stability Analyzer TURBISCAN TRILAB](https://www.microtrac.com/products/static-multiple-light-scattering/turbiscan-trilab/): Three independently programmable measurement positions measuring 10 nm - 1 mm at 0.0001 - 95% v/v; temperature 20 - 60 °C; sample volume 2 - 20 mL; scan step 20 µm with a maximum displacement resolution of 5 µm; 35 kg; complies with ISO/TR 13097:2013, ISO/TR 18811:2018, ISO/TS 22107:2021 and ISO/TS 21357:2022, and with 21 CFR Part 11. - [Multi-Sample Stability Analyzer TURBISCAN TOWER](https://www.microtrac.com/products/static-multiple-light-scattering/turbiscan-tower/): One to six independent positions measuring 10 nm - 1 mm at 0.0001 - 95% v/v; temperature 4 - 80 °C, the widest window in the range and the only one extending below ambient; sample volume 2 - 20 mL; scan step 20 µm; 51 kg; complies with ISO/TR 13097:2013, ISO/TR 18811:2018, ISO/TS 22107:2021 and ISO/TS 21357:2022, and with 21 CFR Part 11. - [High-Throughput Stability Analyzer TURBISCAN AGS](https://www.microtrac.com/products/static-multiple-light-scattering/turbiscan-ags/): Automated handling of up to 54 samples with bar-code recognition for unattended operation, measuring 10 nm - 1 mm at 0.0001 - 95% v/v; temperature from room temperature to 60 °C across three racks; sample volume 20 ml; scan step 40 µm; 50 kg; complies with ISO/TR 13097:2013, ISO/TR 18811:2018, ISO/TS 22107:2021 and ISO/TS 21357:2022. - [Dispersibility and Stability Analyzer TURBISCAN DNS](https://www.microtrac.com/products/static-multiple-light-scattering/turbiscan-dns/): The only model in the range that measures under mixing as well as at rest, giving redispersion kinetics as well as stability; measures 10 nm - 1 mm up to 95% v/v; sample volume 4 or 20 mL at rest and from 10 mL to litres under mixing; maximum acquisition speed 0.1 seconds in fixed mode; scan step 20 µm; 30 kg. ## Gas Adsorption Analyzers for Surface Area and Pore Size - [Gas Adsorption Measuring Instruments](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/): Explains BET, BJH and DFT, NLDFT and QSDFT evaluation, the BET linear region at p/p0 = 0.05 - 0.30, the nitrogen cross-sectional area of 0.162 nm2, carbon dioxide for ultra-micropores below 0.7 nm and krypton for surface areas below 1 m2/g; adsorptives include N2 at 77 K, Ar at 87 K, Kr at 77 K and CO2 at 273 K or 298 K; referenced to ISO 9277, ISO 15901-2, ASTM D6556 and USP <846>. - [Surface Area and Pore Size Distribution Analyzers](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/surface-area-pore-size-distribution/): Category overview of the BELSORP series, comparing the MINI X, MAX G and MAX X and describing Advanced Free Space Measurement and Gas Dosing Optimization. - [Gas and Vapor Adsorption Analyzer BELSORP MAX X](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/surface-area-pore-size-distribution/belsorp-max-x/): Specific surface area from 0.01 m2/g with nitrogen and from 0.0005 m2/g with krypton; pore size 0.35 - 500 nm; relative pressure from p/p0 = 10^-8 to 0.997; four measurement ports plus a dedicated p0 port; transducers of 133 kPa, 1.33 kPa and 0.0133 kPa; pretreatment heater 50 - 550 °C and water bath -10 - 80 °C; complies with ISO 9277, ISO 15901-2 and ISO 18852. - [Specific Surface Area and Pore Size Analyzer BELSORP MAX G](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/surface-area-pore-size-distribution/belsorp-max-g/): Specific surface area from 0.01 m2/g with nitrogen and from 0.0005 m2/g with krypton; pore size 0.35 - 500 nm; relative pressure from p/p0 = 10^-8 to atmospheric; one measurement port in high accuracy mode plus p0 and free-space ports; three transducers on a single port; water bath -10 - 70 °C; complies with ISO 9277 including Annex C, and with DIN 66134 and DIN 66135-1 to -4. - [Pore Size Distribution Analyzer BELSORP MINI X](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/surface-area-pore-size-distribution/belsorp-mini-x/): Specific surface area from 0.01 m2/g with nitrogen; pore size 0.7 - 500 nm, extended to 0.35 - 500 nm by the molecular probe method; relative pressure from p/p0 = 10^-4; up to four ports simultaneously, three in high accuracy mode, plus a dedicated p0 port, and up to 20 ports by controlling five units; Quick BET mode measures three BET points on four samples in approximately 15 minutes; complies with ISO 9277 and ISO 15901-2. - [BET Surface Area Analyzer BELSORP MR 1](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/surface-area-pore-size-distribution/belsorp-mr-1/): Single-point BET by the dynamic flow method with thermal conductivity detection, giving a result in approximately 15 minutes on a stand-alone touch-panel unit with no external computer; specific surface area from 0.01 m2/g; one sample position; nitrogen or krypton adsorptive with helium carrier; pretreatment up to 400 °C; repeatability within ±1.0%. - [High-Precision Cryogenic Unit BELCRYO X](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/surface-area-pore-size-distribution/belcryo-x/): Coolant-free cryogenic temperature control from 35 K to 473 K with stability of ±0.001 K to ±0.01 K, using a helium compressor instead of liquid nitrogen and allowing unlimited measurement time; handles up to three samples simultaneously; integrates with the BELSORP series through BELCONTROL. - [High Pressure Gas Adsorption Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/high-pressure-gas-adsorption/): Category page for high-pressure gas adsorption, covering hydrogen and methane storage and adsorption above atmospheric pressure. - [High Pressure Gas Adsorption Analyzer BELSORP HP](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/high-pressure-gas-adsorption/belsorp-hp/): Benchtop volumetric analyzer with transducers of 0.133 MPa and 13.5 MPa full scale, measuring to 90% of the high-pressure transducer range; one analysis and pretreatment port; water bath -10 - 70 °C and pretreatment 50 - 400 °C, optionally 50 - 800 °C; supports N2, Ar, O2, CO, H2, CO2 and CH4; calculates isosteric heat of adsorption by the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. - [Gas and Vapor Adsorption Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/gas-vapor-adorption/): Cross-range index of the instruments that measure gas and vapor adsorption, covering BELSORP MAX X HP and HT, MAX G, MINI X, BELCAT II, MR 1, BELMASS II, BELPREP VAC and BELSORP HP. - [Vacuum Degasser BELPREP VAC](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/belprep-vacuum-degasser/): Sample pretreatment that runs in parallel with measurement; BELPREP VAC II has three pretreatment ports and a maximum temperature of 430 °C, BELPREP VAC III has six ports and a maximum of 450 °C, both with ±5 °C accuracy; VAC II adds automatic purge-gas stop and pumping-speed switching, VAC III adds programmable temperature control. ## Density, Catalyst and Porosimetry Instruments - [Gas Pycnometry Density Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/density-measurement/): Category overview of true and skeletal density measurement by gas displacement, applied to cement and building materials, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, adhesives, minerals, polymers and powders. - [Gas Pycnometer BELPYCNO](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/density-measurement/belpycno/): True density by gas displacement with sample cells of 10 cm3, 3.5 cm3 and 1 cm3; accuracy 0.03% of full scale plus 0.03% of reading and repeatability 0.02% of full scale; measurement pressure 145 kPa gauge; helium, nitrogen or inert gas; temperature 15 - 35 °C, extendable to a 15 - 50 °C water bath; up to 100 repetitions; 8 kg. - [Gas Pycnometer BELPYCNO L](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/density-measurement/belpycno-l/): Skeleton density of solids and powders and true density of pastes and liquids using helium, which reaches pores below one nanometre in diameter; reference chambers of approximately 20, 40 and 60 cm3 and sample chambers of approximately 4, 20, 40, 60, 112 and 150 cm3; temperature 14 - 40 °C, optionally to 60 °C, with ±0.01 °C resolution; accuracy 0.01% of full scale plus 0.02% of reading. - [Catalyst Evaluation Analyzers](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/catalyst-evaluation/): Category overview of catalyst characterization by temperature programmed desorption, pulse injection for metal dispersion of noble-metal supported catalysts, mass spectrometric evaluation and separation factors from breakthrough curves. - [Catalyst Characterization Analyzer BELCAT II](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/catalyst-evaluation/belcat-ii/): Dynamic flow method with a semi-diffusion four-element thermal conductivity detector; furnace to 1200 °C with 1100 °C in regular use, heating at 110 °C/min from 50 to 500 °C, quick cooling from 400 to 50 °C in 30 minutes and cryogenic operation to -120 °C with CATCryo II; eight gas ports, two of them corrosion resistant; measures acidity and basicity, metal dispersion and BET surface area; 80 kg. - [Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer BELMASS II](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/catalyst-evaluation/belmass-ii/): Mass range m/z = 1 to 200 with a yttria-coated iridium filament and Faraday cup or secondary electron multiplier detection; resolution M/ΔM ≥ 2M; heated capillary of 0.1 mm inner diameter and 1.5 m length, to 200 °C for stainless steel and 120 °C for PEEK; selected ion monitoring on up to 16 channels; 36 kg. - [Mercury Porosimeter BELPORE](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/mercury-porosimetry/belpore/): Pore diameters from 1 mm down to 3.6 nm across three versions; BELPORE LP operates from vacuum to 450 kPa covering 180 - 3.25 µm, BELPORE MP from 0.1 to 228 MPa covering 15 - 0.0065 µm and BELPORE HP from 0.1 to 414 MPa covering 15 - 0.0036 µm; up to 10,000 intrusion and 10,000 extrusion measuring points; volume accuracy better than 1% of full scale. - [Metal Dispersion Rate Analyzer BELMETAL 3](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/special-custom-solutions/belmetal-3/): Pulse injection by the dynamic flow method with a semi-diffusing four-element thermal conductivity detector; three measurement and pretreatment ports; furnace 50 - 1200 °C with a ramp of 70 °C/min from 50 to 500 °C; pulse loop volume 0.5 cc, optionally 1.0 cc; measures metal dispersion, surface area and particle size of supported metals, with ammonia and hydrogen sulfide chemisorption available in the corrosion-resistant version; 106 kg. - [Catalytic Reactor System BEL-REA](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/special-custom-solutions/bel-rea/): Gas flow fixed bed reaction system with more than one reactor, five mass flow controllers and two syringe pump and evaporator lines to a maximum of 180 °C; temperature range from room temperature to 1100 °C; gas analysis by micro gas chromatography, with alerts for gas leakage, temperature and pressure. ## Software - [Microtrac Software](https://www.microtrac.com/products/product-ranges/software/): Overview of the two Microtrac software platforms, DIMENSIONS for particle characterization instruments and BELCONTROL for the BELSORP gas adsorption analyzers. - [Measurement and Evaluation Software DIMENSIONS](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/software/dimensions/): Measurement and evaluation software in two variants, DIMENSIONS LS for NANOTRAC FLEX, NANOTRAC WAVE II and SYNC and DIMENSIONS IA for the CAMSIZER instruments; five separable workspaces for method, measurement, results, comparison and calculation across multiple monitors; compares up to 32 results simultaneously. - [Operation Software BELCONTROL](https://www.microtrac.com/products/gas-adsorption-measurement/software/belcontrol/): Common operating software for BELSORP MINI X, MAX G and MAX X; completes free space measurement, isotherm and BET surface area in under 30 minutes for up to four samples, with free space alone in under 15 minutes; includes Gas Dosing Optimization, password-protected user levels and automatic PDF reporting. ## Product Overviews and Selection Guides - [Particle Characterization Analyzers](https://www.microtrac.com/products/): Entry point to the full Microtrac instrument portfolio across particle size and shape, pore size and surface area, stability and shelf life, zeta potential, catalysts and density. - [Particle Size and Particle Shape Analysis](https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/): Compares the four size and shape methods Microtrac supplies: dynamic image analysis from 0.9 µm to 135 mm, sieve analysis from 10 µm to 125 mm, laser diffraction from 10 nm, and dynamic light scattering from 0.8 nm. - [Product Ranges](https://www.microtrac.com/products/product-ranges/): A to Z landing page for all instrument families, from AEROTRAC II and BELCAT II through CAMSIZER, NANOTRAC and STABINO ZETA to SYNC and TURBISCAN. - [Technologies](https://www.microtrac.com/products/technologies/): Overview of the six measurement technologies Microtrac uses: laser diffraction, dynamic image analysis, dynamic light scattering, gas and vapor adsorption, static multiple light scattering, and mercury porosimetry. - [Measurement Parameters](https://www.microtrac.com/products/solutions/): Routes from the property to be measured, such as particle size and shape, pore size and surface area, stability and shelf life, zeta potential, catalysts or density, to the instruments that measure it. - [Applications and Industries](https://www.microtrac.com/products/industries/): Routes from the industry, such as coatings, construction materials, food and beverage, home and personal care or pharmaceuticals, to the applicable Microtrac instruments. - [Selection Guides](https://www.microtrac.com/products/selection-guides/): Entry point to the Microtrac instrument selection guides. - [Selection Guide for Adsorption Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/products/selection-guides/for-adsorption-measurement/): Matches the measurement task to the instrument: specific surface area from 0.01 m2/g by nitrogen adsorption points to BELSORP MINI X, MAX G or MAX X; from 0.0005 m2/g by krypton adsorption to MAX G or MAX X; pore size distribution from 0.35 to 500 nm to MINI X, MAX G or MAX X; covers eleven application fields including catalysts, electrode materials, cement, separation membranes and ceramics. - [Model List A to Z](https://www.microtrac.com/products/selection-guides/model-list-a-z/): Lists active models by measurement principle and discontinued models with their end-of-production year, support status and replacement; spare parts are guaranteed for seven years after end of production. ## Standards Compliance - [Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/products/standards/): Entry point to the standards that Microtrac instruments and methods comply with, grouped by standards body. - [ISO Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/products/standards/iso-standards/): Lists the applicable ISO standards for gas adsorption including ISO 9277:2022 for BET specific surface area, ISO 15901-1:2016 for mercury porosimetry, ISO 15901-2:2022 for nanopores by gas adsorption and ISO 12154:2014 for skeleton density; for particle size and shape including ISO 13320:2020 for laser diffraction and ISO 13322-1:2014 and ISO 13322-2:2021 for image analysis; and for stability including ISO 22412 and ISO/TR 13097:2013. - [ASTM Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/products/standards/astm-standards/): Lists the applicable ASTM standards for gas adsorption including ASTM B922 for metal powder surface area, ASTM D3663-20 for catalyst surface area, ASTM D4284 for mercury intrusion pore volume and ASTM D6556 for carbon black surface area; and for particle size and shape including ASTM B822-20, ASTM E1617-09 and ASTM F1877-24. - [DIN Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/products/standards/din-standards/): Lists DIN 66134 for BJH pore size distribution of mesoporous solids and DIN 66135-1 to DIN 66135-4 for micropore analysis, evaluation by isotherm comparison, Dubinin-Radushkevich micropore volume and Horvath-Kawazoe and Saito-Foley pore distribution; plus DIN 66165-1 and DIN 66165-2 for sieve analysis. - [JIS Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/products/standards/jis-standards/): Lists JIS Z 8830:2013 for BET specific surface area of powders, JIS Z 8831:2024 for nanopore size distribution by gas adsorption, JIS Z 8837:2018 for skeleton density by gas pycnometry, JIS Z 8825 for laser diffraction and JIS Z 8828 for dynamic light scattering. - [USP Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/products/standards/usp-standards/): Lists USP 267 for mercury intrusion porosimetry, USP 268 for porosity by nitrogen adsorption and desorption, USP 699 for gas pycnometric density of solids, USP 846 for specific surface area, USP 429 for laser diffraction particle size and USP 776 for optical microscopy. - [Further Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/products/standards/further-standards/): Lists AASHTO M247 and AASHTO PP 74-13 for glass beads in traffic markings, ICUMSA GS2/9-37 for particle size distribution of white sugar, and VDI 3405 Part 2.3 for characterization of metal powder feedstock in additive manufacturing. ## Applications and Industries - [Particle Characterization Applications](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/): Entry point to Microtrac application material by industry and by sample type. - [Coatings](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/coatings/): Particle size and dispersion stability analysis for paints, inks, lacquers and pigment dispersions. - [Construction Materials](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/construction-materials/): Particle characterization of construction materials, covering grading, fines content and particle shape. - [Building Materials](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/building-materials/): Particle size and particle shape analysis of building materials such as cement, sand, gravel and aggregates. - [Food and Beverage](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/food-beverage/): Particle size and stability analysis of foods, beverages, emulsions and powdered ingredients. - [Coffee Powder](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/coffee-powder/): Particle size and shape analysis of ground coffee, where grind distribution governs extraction and taste. - [Home and Personal Care](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/home-personal-care/): Particle size, zeta potential and emulsion stability analysis for detergents, cosmetics and personal care formulations. - [Pharmaceuticals](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/pharmaceuticals/): Particle characterization for pharmaceutical development and quality control, including active ingredient and excipient particle size. - [Particle Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/particle-characterization-of-pharmaceutical-products/): Particle size, shape and surface area methods applied to tablets, powders, inhalables and suspensions, referenced to USP methods. - [Metal Powders](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/particle-characterization-of-metal-powders/): Particle size, shape and flow-relevant characterization of metal powders for additive manufacturing and metal injection moulding, referenced to ASTM and VDI methods. - [Powder Characterization according to ASTM Standards](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/powder-characterization-astm-standards/): Powder characterization methods mapped to the relevant ASTM standards. - [Molding Sand](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/molding-sand/): Particle size and shape characterization of foundry moulding sand, where grain shape governs permeability and binder demand. - [Ferrosilicon](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/ferrosilicon/): Particle size and shape analysis of ferrosilicon used in dense medium separation. - [Toner Particles](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/toner-particles/): Size and shape analysis of toner particles, where roundness and fines content govern print quality. - [Pigments and Inks](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/particle-size-analysis-of-pigments-and-inks/): Particle size analysis of pigments and inks, covering dispersion quality and colour strength. - [Application Database](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/application-database/): Searchable database of tested Microtrac measurement methods by sample material and measurement task. - [Applications Laboratory](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/application-laboratory/): Free sample measurements carried out by Microtrac application specialists, with a written report and instrument recommendation. ## Knowledge Base: Particle Size and Shape Fundamentals - [Particle Analysis Knowledge Base](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/): Technical reference on particle analysis principles, optical theory, measurement methods and result interpretation. - [Comparison of Particle Characterization Methods](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/different-particle-analysis-techniques-compared/): Compares laser diffraction, dynamic image analysis, dynamic light scattering and sieve analysis by measuring range, sample type and the kind of result each produces. - [Particle Shape Analysis](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/particle-shape/): Explains particle shape parameters such as sphericity, aspect ratio, convexity and symmetry, and how they are derived from image analysis. - [Particle X-Plorer Software Module](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/particle-x-plorer-software/): Describes the Particle X-Plorer module for evaluating particle size and shape data. - [Grain Size](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/grain-size/): Explains grain size as a concept and how it relates to measured particle size. - [Light Scattering](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/light-scattering/): Explains how light scattering by particles is used to determine particle size. - [Rayleigh Scattering](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/rayleigh-scattering/): Explains Rayleigh scattering, which applies to particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. - [Light Diffraction](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/light-diffraction/): Explains diffraction of light at particle edges and its role in laser diffraction measurement. - [Fraunhofer Diffraction](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/fraunhofer-diffraction/): Explains the Fraunhofer approximation and the particle sizes for which it is valid. - [Fresnel Diffraction](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/fresnel-diffraction/): Explains Fresnel diffraction and how it differs from the Fraunhofer case. - [Interference](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/interference/): Explains optical interference and its effect on the scattered light pattern. - [Refraction and Reflection](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/refraction-and-reflection/): Explains refraction and reflection at particle surfaces and their contribution to the measured signal. - [Effect of Refractive Index](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/effect-of-refractive-index/): Explains how the refractive index of particle and medium affects a laser diffraction result and when it must be specified. - [Multiple Scattering Correction](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/multiple-scattering-correction/): Explains multiple scattering at high concentration and how it is corrected. - [Volume Average Particle Size](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/volume-average-particle-size/): Explains the volume average particle size and how it differs from number and area averages. - [Difference Between Mass and Number Distribution](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/difference-mass-distribution/): Explains why a mass or volume based distribution and a number based distribution of the same sample look different. - [Formula Expressing Particle Size Results](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/formula-expressing/): Explains the formulae used to express particle size results. - [Meaning of Symbols](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/meaning-of-symbols/): Defines the symbols and notation used in particle size reporting, such as d10, d50 and d90. - [Relationship Between Particle Size Values](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/relationship/): Explains how the different particle size values reported for one sample relate to each other. - [How to Read Measurements](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/how-to-read-measurements/): Explains how to read and interpret a particle size measurement report. - [Microtrac Display Accuracy](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/microtrac-display-accuracy/): Explains the displayed accuracy and resolution of Microtrac measurement results. - [Why Are There So Many Controllers](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/why-are-there-so-many-controllers/): Explains why gas adsorption and particle analysis instruments use several separate controllers. - [Sugar Particle Analysis](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/quality-control-of-sugar/): Explains particle size analysis in sugar quality control and its effect on taste and dissolution, referenced to the ICUMSA method. ## Knowledge Base: Gas Adsorption and Porosity Fundamentals - [Adsorption](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/absorption/): Explains adsorption as the accumulation of gas molecules on a solid surface, and distinguishes it from absorption. - [Adsorption Isotherm](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/adsorption-isotherm/): Explains the adsorption isotherm as the relationship between pressure and adsorbed amount at constant temperature. - [Adsorption Isotherm and Pore Size](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/adsorption-isotherm-and-pore-size/): Explains how capillary condensation pressure relates to pore size. - [Hysteresis in Adsorption and Desorption Isotherms](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/hysteresis-in-adsorption/): Explains hysteresis loops between adsorption and desorption branches and what the loop shape reveals about pore geometry. - [BET Theory](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/bet-theory/): Explains Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory and how specific surface area is calculated from the isotherm. - [Specific Surface Area](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/specific-surface-area/): Explains specific surface area and its relationship to particle size. - [Method of Specific Surface Area Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/method-of-specific-surface-area/): Explains how specific surface area is measured for microporous materials. - [Ultra-Fast Multipoint BET Surface Area Measurements](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/ultra-fast-multipoint-bet-surface-area-measurements/): Explains how multipoint BET surface area measurement can be accelerated without losing accuracy. - [Method of Adsorption Amount Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/method-of-adsorption/): Explains the volumetric and gravimetric methods used to measure adsorbed amount. - [Measurement of Free Space](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/measurement-of-free-space/): Explains free space, also called dead volume, and why measuring it correctly determines the accuracy of a gas adsorption result. - [Method of Pore Size Distribution Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/method-of-pore-size-distribution-measurement/): Explains the methods used to measure pore size distribution. - [Expression of Pore Size Distribution](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/expression-of-pore-size-distribution/): Explains the different ways a pore size distribution can be expressed and what each conveys. - [Micropore Analysis](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/micropore-analysis/): Explains the evaluation methods for micropores, including the t-plot, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Horvath-Kawazoe approaches. - [Mesopore and Macropore Analysis](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/mesopore-macropore-analysis/): Explains the calculation methods for mesopores and macropores, including the BJH method. - [NLDFT and GCMC Methods](https://www.microtrac.com/applications/knowledge-base/nldft-gcmc-method/): Explains non-local density functional theory and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation and why they describe micropores better than classical methods. ## Knowledge Base: Formulation Stability and Dispersion - [Formulation Knowledge Base](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/): Technical reference on dispersion stability, shelf life, sedimentation and formulation behaviour. - [Particle Characterization](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/particle-characterization/): Explains particle characterization as the analysis of particle size and particle shape, and what each tells you about a material. - [Particle Measurement](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/particle-measurement/): Explains what particle size is and how it is measured. - [Particle Size Analysis](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/particle-size-analysis/): Explains particle size analysis for fluid and dry materials. - [Analysis of Particle Size Distribution](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/particle-size-distribution/): Explains how a particle size distribution is produced and how to interpret its width and shape. - [Particle Concentration](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/particle-concentration/): Explains how particle concentration is determined using dynamic light scattering. - [Static Laser Light Scattering](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/static-laser-light-scattering/): Explains the static laser light scattering principle used in laser diffraction. - [Mie Scattering and Mie Theory](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/mie-scattering-mie-theory/): Explains Mie theory and the role of the refractive index in evaluating scattered light. - [Five Practical Steps to Successful Laser Diffraction](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/5-practical-steps-to-get-reliable-laser-diffraction-results/): Practical guidance on sampling, dispersion, refractive index selection and validation for reliable laser diffraction results. - [Particle Size Analysis Through Static Multiple Light Scattering](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge-base/particle-size-analysis-through-static-multiple-light-scattering/): Explains how particle size is derived from static multiple light scattering in concentrated dispersions. - [Colloidal Dispersions and How to Measure Their Stability](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/stability-of-colloidal-dispersion/): Explains colloidal stability and the measurements used to assess it. - [Dispersion Stability Breakdowns and Their Effects](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/effects-of-dispersion-stability-breakdowns/): Explains the destabilization mechanisms of sedimentation, creaming, flocculation and coalescence and what each does to a product. - [Understanding Sedimentation and Creaming](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/understanding-sedimentation-and-creaming/): Explains sedimentation and creaming in formulations and how each is detected. - [Chemical versus Physical Stability of Formulations](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/chemical-vs-physical-stability-of-formulations/): Distinguishes chemical stability from physical stability and explains why a chemically stable formulation can still fail physically. - [Shelf-Life Estimation by Data Simulation](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/shelf-life-estimation-by-data-simulation/): Explains how accelerated measurement data is used to estimate shelf life. - [Cosmetic Emulsions: Predicting Formulation Stability](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge-base/cosmetic-emulsions-predicting-formulation-stability/): Explains how the stability of cosmetic emulsions is predicted before long-term storage trials. - [Four Major Challenges in Food and Beverage Formulation](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/challenges-in-food-beverages-formulation/): Describes the main formulation stability challenges in food and beverage products. - [Six Biggest Challenges for Formulation in the Agrochemical Industry](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/formulation-challenges-facing-the-agrochemical-industry/): Describes the main formulation challenges for agrochemical suspension concentrates and emulsions. - [Metalworking Fluids: Overcoming Stability Issues](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/metalworking-fluids-mwf-overcoming-stability-issues/): Explains the stability problems of metalworking fluid emulsions and how they are measured. - [Characterizing Sedimentation in the Coatings Industry](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/sedimentation-in-the-coating-industry/): Explains how sedimentation in coatings is characterized and controlled. - [Testing THC Edibles: Stability Testing in the Cannabis Segment](https://www.microtrac.com/knowledge/thc-edibles-stability-testing-in-the-cannabis-field/): Explains stability testing of THC edibles and cannabis emulsions. ## Service and Support - [Contact and Distributor Information](https://www.microtrac.com/contact-services/): Contact finder by country for Microtrac subsidiaries and distributors. - [Technical Service](https://www.microtrac.com/contact-services/technical-service/): Installation, maintenance, repair, calibration, qualification and spare parts for Microtrac instruments. - [Quote Request](https://www.microtrac.com/contact-services/quote-request-form/): Request a quotation for a Microtrac instrument, routed to the responsible subsidiary or distributor. - [Service Form](https://www.microtrac.com/contact-services/service-form/): Structured service request for instruments already in use. - [Service Contract Form](https://www.microtrac.com/contact-services/service-contract-form/): Request a service contract covering scheduled maintenance and calibration. - [Online Product Demo](https://www.microtrac.com/contact-services/online-product-demo/): Request a live online demonstration of a Microtrac instrument with an application specialist. ## Company - [Company History and Philosophy](https://www.microtrac.com/company/): Company profile and history of Microtrac and its four constituent instrument makers within Verder Scientific. - [Retsch Technology is now Microtrac](https://www.microtrac.com/company/retsch-technology-gmbh/): Explains the integration of Retsch Technology GmbH, the German origin of the CAMSIZER dynamic image analysis line, into Microtrac. - [Formulaction](https://www.microtrac.com/company/formulaction/): Explains the integration of Formulaction, the French origin of the TURBISCAN stability analyzers, into Microtrac. - [About MicrotracBEL](https://www.microtrac.com/company/bel-about-microtracbel/): Profile of MicrotracBEL, the Japanese origin of the BELSORP gas adsorption line. - [About Microtrac in Japan](https://www.microtrac.com/company/bel-about-microtrac-in-japan/): Information on the Microtrac organization in Japan. - [BEL Corporate Info](https://www.microtrac.com/company/bel-corporate-info/): Corporate and registration information for the BEL organization. - [BEL History](https://www.microtrac.com/company/bel-history/): Dated history of BEL Japan and its gas adsorption instrument development. - [BEL Europe GmbH](https://www.microtrac.com/company/bel-europe-gmbh/): Profile of BEL Europe GmbH, the European arm for the BEL gas adsorption line. - [BEL Links](https://www.microtrac.com/company/bel-links/): Related links for the BEL organization. - [Code of Conduct and Corporate Responsibility](https://www.microtrac.com/company/code-of-conduct/): Verder Group code of business principles applying to Microtrac. - [Jobs and Careers](https://www.microtrac.com/company/jobs/): Open positions at Microtrac and within Verder Scientific. - [Microtrac on LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/microtracmrb): Official company profile. ## Documents and Downloads - [Downloads](https://www.microtrac.com/downloads/): Entry point to all downloadable Microtrac material. - [Brochures and Information Flyers](https://www.microtrac.com/downloads/brochures/): Product brochures and technical data sheets by instrument family. - [Application Reports](https://www.microtrac.com/downloads/application-reports/): Documented measurements with sample material, instrument, parameters and results. - [Videos](https://www.microtrac.com/downloads/videos/): Product explanation and instrument handling videos. - [Miscellaneous Downloads](https://www.microtrac.com/downloads/miscellaneous/): Certificates, declarations and further documents. ## News and Events - [Particle Characterization News](https://www.microtrac.com/news/): Product launches, application news and company announcements. - [Dates and Events](https://www.microtrac.com/news/dates-events/): Workshop, exhibition and conference calendar. - [Webinars](https://www.microtrac.com/news/seminars-webinars/): Live and on-demand webinars on particle characterization, gas adsorption and formulation stability. - [Newsletter Registration](https://www.microtrac.com/news/newsletter/): Subscription to the Microtrac newsletter. ## Language Versions - [llms.txt for the English website version](https://www.microtrac.com/llms.txt): This file. Global English version, served from unprefixed URLs on microtrac.com. - [llms.txt for the German website version](https://www.microtrac.com/de/llms.txt): German version, content described in German. - [llms.txt for the French website version](https://www.microtrac.com/fr/llms.txt): French version, content described in French. - [llms.txt for the Spanish website version](https://www.microtrac.com/es/llms.txt): Spanish version, content described in Spanish. - [llms.txt for the Italian website version](https://www.microtrac.com/it/llms.txt): Italian version, content described in Italian. - [llms.txt for the Portuguese website version](https://www.microtrac.com/pt/llms.txt): Portuguese version, content described in Portuguese. - [llms.txt for the Dutch website version](https://www.microtrac.com/nl/llms.txt): Dutch version, content described in Dutch. - [llms.txt for the Polish website version](https://www.microtrac.com/pl/llms.txt): Polish version, content described in Polish. - [llms.txt for the Czech website version](https://www.microtrac.com/cz/llms.txt): Czech version, content described in Czech. - [llms.txt for the Slovak website version](https://www.microtrac.com/sk/llms.txt): Slovak version, content described in Slovak. - [llms.txt for the Hungarian website version](https://www.microtrac.com/hu/llms.txt): Hungarian version, content described in Hungarian. - [llms.txt for the Russian website version](https://www.microtrac.com/ru/llms.txt): Russian version, content described in Russian. - [llms.txt for the Japanese website version](https://www.microtrac.com/jp/llms.txt): Japanese version, content described in Japanese. - [llms.txt for the Chinese website version](https://www.microtrac-mrb.cn/llms.txt): Chinese version, published on the separate domain microtrac-mrb.cn under /cn/, content described in Chinese. ## Optional - [Terms and Conditions](https://www.microtrac.com/siteservice/terms-conditions/): Terms of sale, delivery and service.